Abc Software Accounting

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ABC Software LLC is the producer of ABC Accounting, a fully integrated business accounting package for small and medium-sized businesses. ABC by itself usually has little or no impact on the structure of the firm's financial accounting reports (Income statement, Balance sheet, or Cash flow statement). This impact is minimal because both ABC and traditional costing ultimately assign costs to the same existing accounts. The two approaches merely use different mathematics to do so.

Activity-based costing (ABC) is a costing method that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each. This model assigns more indirect costs (overhead) into direct costs compared to conventional costing.

CIMA (Chartered Institute of Management Accountants) defines ABC as an approach to the costing and monitoring of activities which involves tracing resource consumption and costing final outputs. Resources are assigned to activities, and activities to cost objects based on consumption estimates. The latter utilize cost drivers to attach activity costs to outputs.[1]

ICMAB (Institute of Cost & Management Accountants of Bangladesh) defines activity-based costing (ABC) as an accounting method that identifies the activities that a firm performs and then assigns indirect costs to cost objects.[2]

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  • 2Prevalence
  • 7Limitations

Objectives[edit]

With ABC, a company can soundly estimate the cost elements of entire products, activities and services, that may help inform a company's decision to either:

  • Identify and eliminate those products and services that are unprofitable and lower the prices of those that are overpriced (product and service portfolio aim)
  • Or identify and eliminate production or service processes that are ineffective and allocate processing concepts that lead to the very same product at a better yield (process re-engineering aim)

In a business organization, the ABC methodology assigns an organization's resource costs through activities to the products and services provided to its customers. ABC is generally used as a tool for understanding product and customer cost and profitability based on the production or performing processes. As such, ABC has predominantly been used to support strategic decisions such as pricing, outsourcing, identification and measurement of process improvement initiatives.

Prevalence[edit]

Following strong initial uptake, ABC lost ground in the 1990s compared to alternative metrics, such as Kaplan's balanced scorecard and economic value added. An independent 2008 report concluded that manually driven ABC was an inefficient use of resources: it was expensive and difficult to implement for small gains, and a poor value, and that alternative methods should be used.[3] Other reports show the broad band covered with the ABC methodology.[4]

However, application of an activity based recording may be applied as an addition to activity based accounting, not as a replacement of any costing model, but to transform concurrent process accounting into a more authentic approach.

Historical development[edit]

Traditionally, cost accountants had arbitrarily added a broad percentage of analysis into the indirect cost. In addition, activities include actions that are performed both by people and machine.

However, as the percentages of indirect or overhead costs rose, this technique became increasingly inaccurate, because indirect costs were not caused equally by all products. For example, one product might take more time in one expensive machine than another product—but since the amount of direct labor and materials might be the same, additional cost for use of the machine is not being recognized when the same broad 'on-cost' percentage is added to all products. Consequently, when multiple products share common costs, there is a danger of one product subsidizing another.

ABC is based on George Staubus' Activity Costing and Input-Output Accounting.[5] The concepts of ABC were developed in the manufacturing sector of the United States during the 1970s and 1980s. During this time, the Consortium for Advanced Management-International, now known simply as CAM-I, provided a formative role for studying and formalizing the principles that have become more formally known as Activity-Based Costing.[6]

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Robin Cooper and Robert S. Kaplan, proponents of the Balanced Scorecard, brought notice to these concepts in a number of articles published in Harvard Business Review beginning in 1988. Cooper and Kaplan described ABC as an approach to solve the problems of traditional cost management systems. These traditional costing systems are often unable to determine accurately the actual costs of production and of the costs of related services. Consequently, managers were making decisions based on inaccurate data especially where there are multiple products.

Instead of using broad arbitrary percentages to allocate costs, ABC seeks to identify cause and effect relationships to objectively assign costs. Once costs of the activities have been identified, the cost of each activity is attributed to each product to the extent that the product uses the activity. In this way ABC often identifies areas of high overhead costs per unit and so directs attention to finding ways to reduce the costs or to charge more for costly products.

Activity-based costing was first clearly defined in 1987 by Robert S. Kaplan and W. Bruns as a chapter in their book Accounting and Management: A Field Study Perspective.[7] They initially focused on manufacturing industry where increasing technology and productivity improvements have reduced the relative proportion of the direct costs of labor and materials, but have increased relative proportion of indirect costs. For example, increased automation has reduced labor, which is a direct cost, but has increased depreciation, which is an indirect cost.

Like manufacturing industries, financial institutions have diverse products and customers, which can cause cross-product, cross-customer subsidies. Since personnel expenses represent the largest single component of non-interest expense in financial institutions, these costs must also be attributed more accurately to products and customers. Activity based costing, even though originally developed for manufacturing, may even be a more useful tool for doing this.[8][9]

Activity-based costing was later explained in 1999 by Peter F. Drucker in the book Management Challenges of the 21st Century.[10] He states that traditional cost accounting focuses on what it costs to do something, for example, to cut a screw thread; activity-based costing also records the cost of not doing, such as the cost of waiting for a needed part. Activity-based costing records the costs that traditional cost accounting does not do.

The overhead costs assigned to each activity comprise an activity cost pool.

Alternatives[edit]

Lean accounting methods have been developed in recent years to provide relevant and thorough accounting, control, and measurement systems without the complex and costly methods of manually driven ABC.

Lean accounting is primarily used within lean manufacturing. The approach has proven useful in many service industry areas including healthcare, construction, financial services, governments, and other industries.

Application of Theory of constraints (TOC) is analysed in a study[11] showing interesting aspects of productive coexistence of TOC and ABC application. Identifying cost drivers in ABC is described as somewhat equivalent to identifying bottlenecks in TOC. However the more thorough insight into cost composition for the inspected processes justifies the study result: ABC may deliver a better structured analysis in respect to complex processes, and this is no surprise regarding the necessarily spent effort for detailed ABC reporting.

Methodology[edit]

Methodology of ABC focuses on cost allocation in operational management. ABC helps to segregate

The split of cost helps to identify cost drivers, if achieved. Direct labour and materials are relatively easy to trace directly to products, but it is more difficult to directly allocate indirect costs to products. Where products use common resources differently, some sort of weighting is needed in the cost allocation process. The cost driver is a factor that creates or drives the cost of the activity. For example, the cost of the activity of bank tellers can be ascribed to each product by measuring how long each product's transactions (cost driver) takes at the counter and then by measuring the number of each type of transaction. For the activity of running machinery, the driver is likely to be machine operating hours. That is, machine operating hours drive labor, maintenance, and power cost during the running machinery activity.

Application[edit]

Sistema de Costos Basado en ActividadesABC has proven its applicability beyond academic discussion.[citation needed]

ABC

  • is applicable throughout company financing, costing and accounting:
  • is a modeling process applicable for full scope as well as for partial views.
  • helps to identify inefficient products, departments and activities.
  • helps to allocate more resources on profitable products, departments and activities.
  • helps to control the costs at any per-product-level level and on a departmental level.
  • helps to find unnecessary costs that may be eliminated.
  • helps fixing the price of a product or service with any desired analytical resolution.

A report summarizes reasons for implementing ABC as mere unspecific and mainly for case study purposes[12] (in alphabetical order):

  • Better Management
  • Budgeting, performance measurement
  • Calculating costs more accurately
  • Ensuring product /customer profitability
  • Evaluating and justifying investments in new technologies
  • Improving product quality via better product and process design
  • Increasing competitiveness or coping with more competition
  • Management
  • Managing costs
  • Providing behavioral incentives by creating cost consciousness among employees
  • Responding to an increase in overheads
  • Responding to increased pressure from regulators
  • Supporting other management innovations such as TQM and JIT systems

Beyond such selective application of the concept, ABC may be extended to accounting, hence proliferating a full scope of cost generation in departments or along product manufacturing. Such extension, however requires a degree of automatic data capture that prevents from cost increase in administering costs.

Implementation[edit]

According to Velmurugan, Activity-based costing must be implemented in the following ways:[13]

  1. Identify and assess ABC needs - Determine viability of ABC method within an organization.
  2. Training requirements - Basic training for all employees and workshop sessions for senior managers.
  3. Define the project scope - Evaluate mission and objectives for the project.
  4. Identify activities and drivers - Determine what drives what activity.
  5. Create a cost and operational flow diagram – How resources and activities are related to products and services.
  6. Collect data – Collecting data where the diagram shows operational relationship.
  7. Build a software model, validate and reconcile.
  8. Interpret results and prepare management reports.
  9. Integrate data collection and reporting.

Integrating EVA and process based costing[edit]

Recently, Mocciaro Li Destri, Picone & Minà (2012)[14] proposed a performance and cost measurement system that integrates the economic value added (EVA) criteria with process based costing (PBC).

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Authors note that activity-based costing system is introspective and focuses on a level of analysis which is too low. On the other hand, they undescore the importance to consider the cost of capital in order to bring strategy back into performance measures.

Limitations[edit]

Applicability of ABC is bound to cost of required data capture. That drives the prevalence to slow processes in services and administrations, where staff time consumed per task defines a dominant portion of cost. Hence the reported application for production tasks do not appear as a favorized scenario.

Treating fixed costs as variable[edit]

The key problem with ABC, like other cost allocation approaches, is that in essence it treats fixed costs as if they were variable, thereby presenting an inaccurate picture that will lead to wrong decisions. Allocating PPE to individual products, for example, may lead to discontinuation of products that seem unprofitable after the allocation, even if in fact their discontinuation will negatively affect the bottom line.

Tracing Costs[edit]

Even in ABC, some overhead costs are difficult to assign to products and customers, such as the chief executive's salary. These costs are termed 'business sustaining' and are not assigned to products and customers because there is no meaningful method. This lump of unallocated overhead costs must nevertheless be met by contributions from each of the products, but it is not as large as the overhead costs before ABC is employed.

Although some may argue that costs untraceable to activities should be 'arbitrarily allocated' to products, it is important to realize that the only purpose of ABC is to provide information to management. Therefore, there is no reason to assign any cost in an arbitrary manner.

Transition to automated Activity-based costing accounting[edit]

The prerequisite for lesser cost in performing ABC is automating the data capture with an accounting extension that leads to the desired ABC model. Known approaches for event based accounting simply show the method for automation. Any transition of a current process from one stage to the next may be detected as a relevant event. Paired events easily form the respective activity.

The state of the art approach with authentication and authorization in IETF standard RADIUS gives an easy solution for accounting all workposition based activities. That simply defines the extension of the Authentication and Authorization (AA) concept to a more advanced AA and Accounting (AAA) concept. Respective approaches for AAA get defined and staffed in the context of mobile services, when using smart phones as e.a. intelligent agents or smart agents for automated capture of accounting data .

Public sector usage[edit]

When ABC is reportedly used in the public administration sector, the reported studies do not provide evidence about the success of methodology beyond justification of budgeting practise and existing service management and strategies.

Usage in the US Marine Corps started in 1999.[15][16][17][18]Its use by the UK Police has been mandated since the 2003-04 UK tax year as part of England and Wales’ National Policing Plan, specifically the Policing Performance Assessment Framework.[19]

References[edit]

  1. ^CIMA official Terminology, 2005(PDF). p. 3.
  2. ^Bangladesh Cost Accounting Standards-14: Activity Based Costing.
  3. ^The Review of Policing Final Report by Sir Ronnie Flanagan February 2008
  4. ^Activity-based costing: A Case study
  5. ^Staubus, George J. Activity Costing and Input-Output Accounting (Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1971).
  6. ^Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing-International
  7. ^Kaplan, Robert S. and Bruns, W. Accounting and Management: A Field Study Perspective (Harvard Business School Press, 1987) ISBN0-87584-186-4
  8. ^Sapp, Richard, David Crawford and Steven Rebishcke 'Article title?' Journal of Bank Cost and Management Accounting (Volume 3, Number 2), 1990.
  9. ^Author(s)? 'Article title?' Journal of Bank Cost and Management Accounting (Volume 4, Number 1), 1991.
  10. ^Drucker Peter F.Management Challenges of the 21st Century. New York:Harper Business, 1999.
  11. ^Who Wins in a Dynamic World: Theory of Constraints Vs. Activity-Based Costing?
  12. ^The design and implementation of Activity Based Costing (ABC): a South African surveyArchived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^Velmurugan, Manivannan Senthil. 'The Success And Failure of Activity-Based Costing Systems.' Journal of Performance Management 23.2 (2010): 3-33. Business Source Complete. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.
  14. ^Mocciaro Li Destri A., Picone P. M. & Minà A. (2012), Bringing Strategy Back into Financial Systems of Performance Measurement: Integrating EVA and PBC, Business System Review, Vol 1., Issue 1. pp.85-102 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2154117.
  15. ^MARINE CORPS ACTIVITY BASED COSTING (ABC)
  16. ^Activity-Based Costing (ABC)
  17. ^SAS helps Marine Corps budgets get lean
  18. ^Energizing cost accounting: Marine Corps financial managers conduct a thorough analysis
  19. ^Police Service National ABC Model Manual of Guidance Version 2.3 June 2007
  • Drucker, Peter F. Management Challenges of the 21st Century. New York:Harper Business, 1999.

External links[edit]

Accounting Software Systems

  • Who Wins in a Dynamic World: Theory of Constraints Vs. Activity-Based Costing? article on SSRN
  • proposed International Good Practice Guidance on Costing to Drive Organizational Performance - International Federation of Accountants
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Activity-based_costing&oldid=915967298'

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ABC Inventory Software is a complex inventory manager that packs an incredible number of features, runs on Microsoft Office Access, and has the familiar look of an Office application. If you take the time to master it, it will repay you with a comprehensive system for keeping up with your inventory.

The program's interface is sleek and attractive. There are tabs across the top for orders, inventory, assets, and reports, and each of these is jam-packed with features. There are tools for creating purchase orders and work orders, scheduling warehouse appointments, and managing sales and shipping, as well as databases for suppliers, customers, and carriers. A selection of inventory options lets users not only track the receipt or transfer of inventory, but also manage repair orders and leasing. The program is also capable of producing a huge variety of reports, including daily checklists, asset summaries, sales quotations, mailing labels, and much more.

If you're looking for a simple program that will be a quick and easy addition to your business, this isn't it; there's a lot to learn with ABC Inventory Software. But users who need a serious inventory manager that has a lot of advanced features will find that this program is just what they're looking for. The program comes with ample documentation; a tutorial familiarizes users with the basics of the program's interface, but there are also more than 100 pages of PDF instructions that give details about all of the program's features. Overall, we think that ABC Inventory Software is a great choice for anyone who has a need for these kinds of features and the time to learn to use them.

Abc Software Accounting Services

ABC Inventory Software installs a desktop icon without asking and leaves a folder behind upon removal. We recommend this the program to all users.

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