Biography Of Albert Einstein Pdf
Albert Einstein was working as a patent clerk in Germany in 1905 when he developed his famous Theory of Relativity (E=mc2). The theory simply states that the speed of light (constant, c) is the fastest speed in the universe and relates energy (E) and mass (M). Albert Einstein: His Biography in a Nutshell. Michel Janssen Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, into a middle-class Jewish family in the Swabian town of Ulm. He only started to talk when he was three years old, but it is a myth that he was a poor student. What did evidence itself from the start was the single-mindedness that became an. 1-16 of 220 results for Books: 'albert einstein biography for children' Skip to main search results Amazon Prime. Eligible for Free Shipping. Albert Einstein and Relativity for Kids: His Life and Ideas with 21 Activities and Thought Experiments (For Kids series) by Jerome Pohlen Oct 1, 2012. Albert Einstein was a German mathematician and physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for physics for his explanation of the.
Albert Einstein is often cited as one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. His work continues to help astronomers study everything from gravitational waves to Mercury's orbit.
The scientist's equation that helped explain special relativity – E = mc^2 – is famous even among those who don't understand its underlying physics. Einstein is also known for his theory of general relativity (an explanation of gravity), and the photoelectric effect (which explains the behavior of electrons under certain circumstances); his work on the latter earned him a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
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Einstein also tried in vain to unify all the forces of the universe in a single theory, or a theory of everything, which he was still working on at the time of his death.
Early years
Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm, Germany, a town that today has a population of just more than 120,000. There is a small commemorative plaque where his house used to stand (it was destroyed during World War II). The family moved to Munich shortly after his birth, and later to Italy when his father faced problems with running his own business. Einstein's father, Hermann, ran an electrochemical factory and his mother Pauline took care of Albert and his younger sister, Maria.
Einstein would write in his memoirs that two 'wonders' deeply affected his early years, according to Hans-Josef Küpper, an Albert Einstein scholar. Young Einstein encountered his first wonder — a compass — at age 5: He was mystified that invisible forces could deflect the needle. This would lead to a lifelong fascination with unseen forces. The second wonder came at age 12 when he discovered a book of geometry, which he worshipped, calling it his 'holy geometry book.'
Contrary to popular belief, young Albert was a good student. He excelled in physics and mathematics, but was a more 'moderate' pupil in other subjects, Küpper wrote on his website. However, Einstein rebelled against the authoritarian attitude of some of his teachers and dropped out of school at 16. He later took an entrance exam for the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, and while his performances in physics and math were excellent, his marks in other areas were subpar, and he did not pass the exam. The aspiring physicist took additional courses to close the gap in his knowledge, and was admitted to Swiss Polytechnic in 1896, and in 1901 received his diploma to teach physics and mathematics.
However, Einstein could not find a teaching position, and began work in a Bern patent office in 1901, according to his Nobel Prize biography. It was while there that, in between analyzing patent applications, he developed his work in special relativity and other areas of physics that later made him famous.
Einstein married Mileva Maric, a longtime love of his from Zurich, in 1903. Their children, Hans Albert and Eduard, were born in 1904 and 1910. (The fate of a child born to them in 1902 before their marriage, Lieserl, is unknown.) Einstein divorced Maric in 1919 and soon after married Elsa Löwenthal. Löwenthal died in 1933.
Career highlights
Einstein's career sent him to multiple countries. He earned his doctorate from the University of Zurich in 1905, and subsequently took on professor positions in Zurich (1909), Prague (1911) and Zurich again (1912). Next, he moved to Berlin to become director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and a professor at the University of Berlin (1914). He also became a German citizen.
A major validation of Einstein's work came in 1919, when Sir Arthur Eddington, secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society, led an expedition to Africa that measured the position of stars during a total solar eclipse. The group found that the position of stars was shifted due to the bending of light around the sun. (In 2008, a BBC/HBO production dramatized the story in 'Einstein and Eddington.')
Einstein remained in Germany until 1933, when dictator Adolf Hitler rose to power. The physicist then renounced his German citizenship and moved to the United States to become a professor of theoretical physics at Princeton. He became a U.S. citizen in 1940 and retired in 1945.
Einstein remained active in the physics community throughout his later years. In 1939, he famously penned a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning that uranium could be used for an atomic bomb.
Late in Einstein's life, he engaged in a series of private debates with physicist Niels Bohr about the validity of quantum theory. Bohr's theories held the day, and Einstein later incorporated quantum theory in his own calculations.
Einstein's brain
Einstein died of an aortic aneurysm on April 18, 1955. A blood vessel burst near his heart, according to the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). When asked if he wanted to have surgery, Einstein refused. 'I want to go when I want to go,' he said. 'It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share; it is time to go. I will do it elegantly.'
Einstein's body — most of it, anyway — was cremated; his ashes were spread in an undisclosed location, according to the AMNH. However, a doctor at Princeton Hospital, Thomas Harvey, had performed an autopsy, apparently without permission, and removed Einstein's brain and eyeballs, according to Matt Blitz, who wrote about Einstein's brain in a 2015 column for Today I Found Out.
Harvey sliced hundreds of thin sections of brain tissue to place on microscope slides, and snapped 14 photos of the brain from several angles. He took the brain tissue, slides and images with him when he moved to Wichita, Kansas, where he was a medical supervisor in a biological testing lab. [Image Gallery: Einstein's Brain]
Over the next 30 years, Harvey sent a few slides to other researchers who requested them, but kept the rest of the brain in two glass jars, sometimes in a cider box under a beer cooler. The story of Einstein's brain was largely forgotten until 1985, when Harvey and his colleagues published their study results in the journal Experimental Neurology.
Harvey failed a competency exam in 1988, and his medical license was revoked, Blitz wrote. Harvey eventually donated the brain to Princeton Hospital, where the brain's journey had begun. Harvey died in 2007. Pieces of Einstein's brain are now at the Mütter Museum in Philadelphia.
What the studies found
Harvey's 1985 study authors reported that Einstein's brain had a higher number of glial cells (those that support and insulate the nervous system) per neurons (nerve cells) than other brains they examined. They concluded that it might indicate the neurons had a higher metabolic need — in other words, Einstein's brain cells needed and used more energy, which could have been why he had such advanced thinking abilities and conceptual skills.
However, other researchers have pointed out a few problems with that study, according to Eric H. Chudler, a neuroscientist at the University of Washington. First, for example, the other brains used in the study were all younger than Einstein's brain. Second, the 'experimental group' had only one subject — Einstein. Additional studies are needed to see if these anatomical differences are found in other people. And third, only a small part of Einstein's brain was studied.
Another study, published in 1996 in the journal Neuroscience Letters, found that Einstein's brain weighed only 1,230 grams, which is less than the average adult male brain (about 1,400 g). Also, the scientist's cerebral cortex was thinner than that of five control brains, but the density of neurons was higher.
A study published in 2012 in the journal Brain revealed that Einstein's brain had extra folding in the gray matter, the site of conscious thinking. In particular, the frontal lobes, regions tied to abstract thought and planning, had unusually elaborate folding.
Einstein's scientific legacy
Einstein's legacy in physics is significant. Here are some of the key scientific principles that he pioneered:
Theory of special relativity: Einstein showed that physical laws are identical for all observers, as long as they are not under acceleration. However, the speed of light in a vacuum is always the same, no matter at what speed the observer is travelling. This work led to his realization that space and time are linked into what we now call space-time. So, an event seen by one observer may also be seen at a different time by another observer.
Theory of general relativity: This was a reformulation of the law of gravity. In the 1600s, Newton formulated three laws of motion, among them outlining how gravity works between two bodies. The force between them depends on how massive each object is, and how far apart the objects are. Einstein determined that when thinking about space-time, a massive object causes a distortion in space-time (like putting a heavy ball on a trampoline). Gravity is exerted when other objects fall into the 'well' created by the distortion in space-time, like a marble rolling towards the large ball. General relativity passed a recent major test in 2019 in an experiment involving a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.
Photoelectric effect: Einstein's work in 1905 proposed that light should be thought of as a stream of particles (photons) instead of just a single wave, as was commonly thought at the time. Pci data acquisition driver windows 10 intel. His work helped decipher curious results scientists were previously unable to explain.
Unified field theory: Einstein spent much of his later years trying to merge the fields of electromagnetism and gravity. He was unsuccessful, but may have been ahead of his time. Other physicists are still working on this problem.
Einstein's legacy for astronomy
There are many applications of Einstein's work, but here are some of the most notable ones in astronomy:
Gravitational waves: In 2016, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detected space-time ripples — otherwise known as gravitational waves — that occurred after black holes collided about 1.4 billion light-years from Earth. LIGO also made an initial detection of gravitational waves in 2015, a century after Einstein predicted these ripples existed. The waves are a facet of Einstein's theory of general relativity.
Mercury's orbit: Mercury is a small planet orbiting close to a very massive object relative to its size — the sun. Its orbit could not be understood until general relativity showed that the curvature of space-time is affecting Mercury's motions and changing its orbit. There is a small chance that over billions of years, Mercury could be ejected from our solar system due to these changes (with an even smaller chance that it could collide with Earth).
Gravitational lensing: This is a phenomenon by which a massive object (like a galaxy cluster or a black hole) bends light around it. Astronomers looking at that region through a telescope can then see objects directly behind the massive object, due to the light being bent. A famous example of this is Einstein's Cross, a quasar in the constellation Pegasus: A galaxy roughly 400 million light-years away bends the light of the quasar so that it appears four times around the galaxy.
Black holes: In April 2019, the Event Horizon telescope showed the first-ever images of a black hole. The photos again confirmed several facets of general relativity, including not only that black holes exist, but also that they have a circular event horizon — a point at which nothing can escape, not even light.
Additional resources:
- Find answers to frequently asked questions about Albert Einstein on The Nobel Prize website.
- Flip through digitized versions of Einstein's published and unpublished manuscripts at Einstein Archives Online.
- Learn about The Einstein Memorial at the National Academy of Sciences building in Washington, D.C.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Albert Einstein:
Albert Einstein – deceased German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).[1][2]:274 Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.[3][4] Einstein is best known by the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed 'the world's most famous equation').[5] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics 'for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect', a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory. Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works.[6] Einstein's intellectual achievements and originality have made the word 'Einstein' synonymous with 'genius'.[7]
- 1Achievements and contributions
- 2Personal life
- 3Legacy
- 3.1Works of Albert Einstein
Einstein's Theory Of Relativity Pdf
Achievements and contributions[edit]
Physics[edit]
Personal life[edit]
Family[edit]
- Pauline Koch (mother)
- Hermann Einstein (father)
- Maja Einstein (sister)
- Mileva Marić (first wife)
- Elsa Einstein (second wife)
- Lieserl Einstein (daughter)
- Hans Albert Einstein (son)
- Eduard Einstein (son)
- Bernhard Caesar Einstein (grandson)
- Evelyn Einstein (granddaughter)
- Thomas Martin Einstein (great-grandson)
Legacy[edit]
- The Einstein Theory of Relativity (1923 documentary)
Works of Albert Einstein[edit]
Bibliography of works by Einstein[edit]
Albert Einstein Biography Book Pdf
- Annus Mirabilis papers (1905)
- 'Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement' (1905)
- Relativity: The Special and the General Theory (1916)
- The World as I See It (1934)
- 'Why Socialism?' (1949)
- Russell–Einstein Manifesto (1955)
Einstein prizes[edit]
Organizations concerning Albert Einstein[edit]
German Empire Albert Einstein
Publications about Albert Einstein[edit]
Films about Albert Einstein[edit]
- Einstein (2008)
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Whittaker, E. (1 November 1955). 'Albert Einstein. 1879–1955'. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 37–67. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005. JSTOR769242.
- ^Fujia Yang; Joseph H. Hamilton (2010). Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics. World Scientific. ISBN978-981-4277-16-7.
- ^Don A. Howard, ed. (2014) [First published 11 February 2004], 'Einstein's Philosophy of Science', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (website), The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University, retrieved 2015-02-04
- ^Don A. Howard (December 2005), 'Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science'(PDF), Physics Today, American Institute of Physics, 58 (12): 34–40, Bibcode:2005PhT..58l.34H, doi:10.1063/1.2169442, retrieved 2015-03-08 – via University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, author's personal webpage
- ^David Bodanis (2000). E = mc2: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation. New York: Walker.
- ^Paul Arthur Schilpp, ed. (1951), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, II, New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition), pp. 730–746. His non-scientific works include: About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein (1930), 'Why War?' (1933, co-authored by Sigmund Freud), The World As I See It (1934), Out of My Later Years (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, The Evolution of Physics (1938, co-authored by Leopold Infeld).
- ^Result of WordNet Search for Einstein, 3.1, The Trustees of Princeton University, retrieved 2015-01-04
External links[edit]
- Works by Albert Einstein at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Albert Einstein at Internet Archive
- Works by Albert Einstein at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Einstein's Personal Correspondence: Religion, Politics, The Holocaust, and Philosophy Shapell Manuscript Foundation
- Einstein and his love of music, Physics World
- Albert Einstein on NobelPrize.org
- Albert Einstein, videos on History.com
- MIT OpenCourseWare STS.042J/8.225J: Einstein, Oppenheimer, Feynman: Physics in the 20th century at the Wayback Machine (archived 8 June 2011) – free study course that explores the changing roles of physics and physicists during the 20th century
- Albert Einstein Archives Online (80,000+ Documents) (MSNBC, 19 March 2012)
- Einstein's declaration of intention for American citizenship on the World Digital Library
- Albert Einstein Collection at Brandeis University
- The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein 'Digital Einstein' at Princeton University